If Canadians are only now discovering the deadly legacy of Indian Residential Schools, it’s not due to any lack of available evidence. It was never a secret that the sites of Indian Residential Schools abounded with the graves of dead children. Communities and survivors knew the bodies were there, as did any investigation or government commission that bothered to ask. “Sometimes virtually no cemetery information is readily available within the archival records, but knowledge of the existence and location of cemeteries is locally held,” wrote the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
– Tristin Hopper, Jun 02, 2021, National Post –
Residential schools were government-sponsored religious schools that were established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. Although the first residential facilities were established in New France, the term usually refers to schools established after 1880. Residential schools were created by Christian churches and the Canadian government as an attempt to both educate and convert Indigenous youth and to assimilate them into Canadian society…
By the 1940s it was obvious to both the government and most missionary bodies that the schools were ineffective, and Indigenous protests helped to secure a change in policy. In 1969, the system was taken over by the Department of Indian Affairs, ending church involvement. The government decided to phase out the schools, but this met with resistance from the Catholic Church, which felt that segregated education was the best approach for Indigenous children. Some Indigenous communities also resisted closure of the schools, arguing either that denominational schools should remain open or that the schools should be transferred to their own control…
In 2005, the federal government established a $1.9 billion compensation package for the survivors of abuse at residential schools. In 2007, the federal government and the churches that had operated the schools agreed to provide financial compensation to former students under the Residential Schools Settlement Agreement.
– The Canadian Encyclopedia –
“The treatment of children in Indian residential schools is a sad chapter in our history,” Prime Minister Harper said in a speech in the House of Commons. The apology recognized the profoundly damaging and lasting impact the schools had on Indigenous culture, heritage and language.
– Prime Minister Stephen Harper in an apology to former students of residential schools, June 2008 –
Report: Canada’s Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials
A Residential School Missing Children Working Group was formed in 2007 and tasked with finding information and making recommendations on Missing Children and Unmarked Burials in school cemeteries. This report was issued in 2016. It is 273 pages long and is a comprehensive summary of the Residential Schools and includes progress made in establishing a National Residential School Student Death Register. Graphs such as the following establish the time frame of a program that is deservedly described as the ‘tragic legacy of residential schools’.

Report: Where are the Children buried?
Dr. Scott Hamilton (Dept. of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario), is the author of one of the 2015 Truth and Reconciliation reports, “Where are the Children buried?” He says he is surprised attempts weren’t made sooner to find residential school graves.
When he heard the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s calls to action in 2015, he expected a rush to use his and his colleagues’ findings to locate graves of Indigenous children who died while at Canadian residential schools. That didn’t happen. Story Source: Regina Leader-Post
The introduction to Dr. Hamilton’s, report:
This report addresses the question where deceased Indian Residential School (IRS) students are buried. This is difficult to answer because of the varying circumstances of death and burial, coupled with the generally sparse information about Residential School cemeteries. It requires a historic understanding of school operations that contextualizes the patterns underlying death and burial. When documentation is insufficient, this historical perspective also aids prediction which former school sites are most likely to be associated with cemeteries. Also important is identifying the locations of the former schools as precisely as possible (an issue complicated by the fact that some schools were rebuilt in various locations under the same name), and then seeking out physical evidence of a nearby cemetery (or cemeteries). In some cases information is readily available, but in others there was little to be found in the available archival documents. In those situations attention shifted to an internet-based search, coupled with examination of maps and satellite images. This report concludes with recommendations how to address the gaps in our current knowledge about school cemeteries, and how best to document, commemorate and protect them.
The Illustrations that accompany the Hamilton Report are here: Report Illustrations.
The work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada has been transferred to the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. A list of all the reports that have been issued is on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Reports page.
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